Hipotiroidismo subclínico y pérdida de embarazo: una revisión de la literatura / Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Pregnancy Loss: A Literature Review

Existe una alta prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico (SCH) en el embarazo. Está vinculado a una importante morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal. Los efectos de SCH sobre el embarazo incluyen mayores riesgos de hipertensión gestacional y ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM). Sus fetos y bebés tenían más probabilidades de sufrir de bajo peso al nacer (LBW) y retraso del crecimiento intrauterino (IUGR). El riesgo de aborto espontáneo se informa alto en varios estudios para SCH no tratado. SCH se asocia directamente con una mayor presencia de anti -cuerpos anti TPO en suero materno. La detección temprana y el tratamiento de SCH han sido testigos de mejores resultados en términos de resultado del embarazo. Esta revisión se centra para establecer la relación de una mayor prevalencia de SCH en los países en desarrollo, así como su asociación con el aumento de los cuerpos anti TPO en suero materna y sacar una conclusión que puede ayudar a reducir las razones y proporcionar una solución. Este estudio concluyó que SCH es más frecuente en los países en desarrollo, ya sea debido a la deficiencia de yodo, una disminución de la conciencia sobre este problema o menos acceso a las instalaciones médicas. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que las hembras con antecedentes de partos prematuros, IUGR anteriores o abortos involuntarios deben someterse a una detección de hipotiroidismo subclínico y niveles de anticuerpos anti TPO durante sus visitas prenatales

There is a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy. It is linked to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. SCH's effects on pregnancy include increased risks of gestational hypertension and premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Their fetuses and infants had been more likely to suffer from low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The risk of miscarriage is reported high in various studies for untreated SCH. SCH is directly associated with increased presence of anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum. Early detection and treatment of SCH have witnessed better results in terms of pregnancy outcome. This review focuses to establish the relationship of increased prevalence of SCH in the developing countries as well as its association with increased anti TPO anti bodies in maternal serum and draw a conclusion which can help narrow down the reasons and provide solution. This study concluded that SCH is more prevalent in developing countries, either due to iodine deficiency, decreased awareness about this problem or less access to medical facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that females with history of preterm deliveries, previous IUGRs, or miscarriages should undergo screening for subclinical hypothyroidism and Anti TPO antibody levels during their antenatal visits.

Spatial patterns of fetal mortality: scenario before and after the implementation of surveillance / Padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal: cenário anterior e posterior à implantação da vigilância

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the spatial distribution of fetal deaths before and after implementation of surveillance for this event in the city of Recife, in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Methods: an ecological study whose spatial analysis unit was the 94 neighborhoods. The gross fetal mortality rates were calculated and the local empirical Bayesian estimator was adopted to smooth out random fluctuations of such rates. To analyze the spatial autocorrelation, the Global Moran's Index was used, and spatial clusters were located by the Local Moran's Index. Results: during the period before implementation of death surveillance, 1,356 fetal deaths were reported, a coefficient of 9.9 deaths per thousand births. During the second period, 1,325 fetal deaths occurred, a coefficient of 9.6 deaths per thousand births. The Global Moran's Indexes (I) were I=0.6 and I=0.4 for the first and second periods, respectively, with statistical significance (p<0.05). For both periods analyzed, spatial clusters of high-risk neighborhoods were identified in the northern and eastern regions of the city. Conclusion: the spatial analysis indicated areas that persist as priorities for planning surveillance and health assistance actions to reduce fetal mortality.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a distribuição espacial dos óbitos fetais, antes e após a implantação da vigilância deste evento, na cidade do Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico utilizando os 94 bairros existentes como unidade de análise espacial. Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade fetal brutos e empregado o estimador bayesiano empírico local para a suavização de flutuações aleatórias desses coeficientes. A autocorrelação espacial foi analisada com a utilização do Índice de Moran Global e agregados espaciais foram identificados pelo Moran Local. Resultados: foram registrados 1.356 óbitos fetais (coeficiente de mortalidade de 9,9 óbitos por mil nascimentos) e 1.325 óbitos fetais (coeficiente de 9,6 óbitos por mil nascimentos), nos períodos anterior e posterior à implantação da vigilância do óbito, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os índices de Moran Global (I) dos períodos anterior (I=0,6) e posterior (I=0,4) à implantação da vigilância. Identificaram-se agregados espaciais nos bairros das regiões Norte e Leste da cidade, como maior risco de mortalidade fetal. Conclusão: a análise espacial apontou áreas que persistem como prioritárias para o planejamento de ações de vigilância e assistência à saúde para a redução da mortalidade fetal.

Tendências recentes dos óbitos fetais por malformações congênitas: um estudo descritivo / Recent trends in fetal death due to congenital malformations: a descriptive study / Tendencias recientes de los óbitos de fetos por malformaciones congénitas: un estudio descriptivo

Este artigo se baseia em um estudo de série temporal sobre os óbitos fetais por malformações congênitas no estado do Maranhão relativo ao período de 2006 a 2016. Foram construídos indicadores epidemiológicos para estimar o risco de morte fetal e sua tendência ao longo da série estudada. Os dados são provenientes do Departamento de Informática do SUS e sua análise realizada por modelos de regressão linear. Foram registrados 17.843 óbitos fetais no período abordado pelo estudo, 528 dos quais decorrentes de malformações congênitas (2,96%). Observou-se uma tendência significativa de aumento do coeficiente de mortalidade fetal geral, correspondente a 6,99% (ß1=0,17; p=0,004) e do específico por malformações congênitas, equivalente a 5,13% (ß1=0,01; p=0,04). Os resultados deste estudo corroboram a tendência histórica dos serviços de saúde negligenciarem os óbitos fetais. É importante destacar que parte destes óbitos são preveníveis e potencialmente evitáveis. Desse modo, a implementação dos comitês de investigação de óbitos fetais e infantis e a sua vigilância adequada poderiam melhorar a assistência prestada tanto no pré-natal quanto no parto.

This article bases on a time series study about fetal deaths due to congenital malformations in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, occurred from 2006 to 2016. Epidemiological indicators were constructed to estimate the risk of fetal death and its trend throughout the series studied. The data were obtained in the Department of Informatics of SUS and analyzed by linear regression models. There were 17,843 fetal deaths during the analysed period, from which 528 were a direct result of congenital malformations (2.96%). A significant tendency towards an increase in the coefficient of general fetal mortality corresponding to 6.99% (ß1=0.17; p=0.004) and in the coefficient of specific fetal mortality due to congenital malformations equivalent to 5.13% (ß1=0.01; p=0.04) were observed. The end results of this study corroborate the historical trend toward negligence in Brazilian health centres with regard to fetal deaths. It is important to remark that some of these deaths can be presumed and potentially preventable. Thus, the implementation of the fetal and infant death investigation committees and their adequate surveillance could improve care during prenatal and delivery.

Este artículo se basa en un estudio de serie temporal acerca de muertes de fetos por malformaciones congénitas en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, concerniente al periodo de 2006 a 2016. Se construyeron indicadores epidemiológicos para estimar el riesgo de la muerte fetal y su tendencia a lo largo de la serie estudiada. Los datos son provenientes del Departamento de Informática del SUS y fueron analizados por modelos de regresión lineal. Se registraron 17.843 muertes de fetos en el período estudiado, de los cuales 528 fueron resultado de malformaciones congénitas (2,96%). Se observó una tendencia significativa al aumento del coeficiente de mortalidad fetal general correspondiente a 6.99% (ß1=0,17; p=0,004) y del específico, por malformaciones congénitas, equivalente a 5,13% (ß1=0,01; p=0,04). Los resultados del estudio corroboran la tendencia histórica a la negligencia de los centros de salud brasileños con respecto a las muertes de los fetos. Por su importancia debemos destacar que parte de esas muertes son presumibles y pueden ser evitadas. De ese modo, la implementación de los comités de investigación de muertes de fetos y infantiles y su vigilancia adecuada podrían mejorar la asistencia prestada en el prenatal y en el parto.

Prevalence of stillbirth at the Buea Regional Hospital, Fako Division south-west region, Cameroon

Introduction: the study investigated the prevalence of stillbirth at the Buea Regional Hospital, by taking cases of pregnant women who attended antenatal clinic(s) and those who did not attend but had thier deiveries at the Buea regional hospital. The study specifically estimated the prevalence of stillbirths; identified possible risk factors associated with stillbirths, and determined whether the number of antenatal clinic visits is related to the occurrence of stillbirths-because during antenatal clinic visits, pregnant women are educated on risk factors of stillbirths such as: preterm deliveries; sex of the stillbirth; history of stillbirth; history of abortion(s); what age group of mothers are more likely to have a stillbirth.Methods: the study was a hospital based retrospective study at the maternity in which there were 3577 deliveries registered at the Buea Regional Hospital dated May 1st, 2014 to April 30th, 2017. With the aid of a checklist data was collected, analysed and presented with the use of tables, pie-charts and bar charts.Results: the prevalence of stillbirths was 26‰; possible risk factors associated with stillbirths included: preterm deliveries; women aged 20-29 years; history of abortion(s); a history of stillbirth; sex of stilbirths were more of females than males; and insufficient antenatal clinic attendance (≤1 antenatal clinic attendence) had more stillbirths. Conclusion: the study estabished that stillbirths can occur in any woman of child-bearing age. possible risk factors associated with stillbirths included: preterm deliveries; women aged 20-29 years; history of abortion(s); a history of stillbirth; gender of stilbirths were more of females than males; and insufficient antenatal clinic attendance (≤1 antenatal clinic attendence) had more stillbirths

Cesación de tabaquismo en embarazo / Smoking cessation in pregnancy

Resumen En Chile, las mujeres en edad fértil y las embarazadas presentan una alta prevalencia de tabaquismo. El consumo de tabaco durante el embarazo tiene efectos prenatales (por ejemplo, aborto espontáneo, mortinatalidad) y es un factor de riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil. Todas las mujeres en edad fértil deben ser alentadas a dejar de fumar, y las mujeres que ya están embarazadas deben ser alentadas a dejar de fumar continuamente durante todo el embarazo, desde el momento más precoz posible hasta el período posterior al parto. Se presenta un conjunto de antecedentes y recomendaciones para la cesación de tabaquismo en embarazadas, basadas en guías internacionales sobre este tema.

In Chile, women of childbearing age and pregnant women have a high prevalence of smoking. Tobacco use during pregnancy has antenatal effects (spontaneous abortion, stillbirth) and it is a risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality. All women of childbearing age should be encouraged to quit smoking, and women who are already pregnant should be encouraged to stop smoking continuously throughout the pregnancy, from the earliest possible moment to the postpartum period. We present a set of background information and recommendations for smoking cessation in pregnant women, based on international guidelines on this topic.

Atividades desenvolvidas pelos comitês de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal: revisão integrativa / Actividades desarrolladas por los comités de prevención de la muerte infantil y fetal: revisión integradora / Activities developed by the committees of prevention of infant and fetal deaths: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo Sistematizar o conhecimento sobre as atividades desenvolvidas por comitês que atuam com a prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal. Método Revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada no mês de novembro de 2015, nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, BDEnf e SciELO, utilizando as palavras-chave e descritores mortalidade infantil, óbito infantil, óbitos infantis, óbito fetal, óbitos fetais, mortalidade fetal, mortalidade neonatal, comitê de profissionais, comissão, comissões, comitês consultivos. Os 34 estudos selecionados foram organizados e analisados com auxílio do Microsoft Excel®. Resultados Há comitês de âmbito internacional, nacional, regional, estadual e municipal que analisam óbitos e realizam atividades para qualificar a assistência materno-infantil e alimentar os sistemas de informação em saúde. Conclusão Os comitês de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal desenvolvem atividades de coleta, produção, análise e divulgação de informações relacionadas ao óbito com a finalidade de reduzir taxas de mortalidade infantil e fetal.

RESUMEN Objetivo Para sistematizar el conocimiento de las actividades desarrolladas por los comités que trabajan con la prevención del trabajo infantil y la muerte fetal. Método Revisión integrada de la literatura, que se celebró en noviembre de 2015, de las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, BDEnf y SciELO, usando las palabras clave y descriptores de mortalidad infantil,mortalidad fetal intrauterina, mortinatos, mortalidad fetal, la mortalidad neonatal, del comité profesional, comisiones, comités de asesoramiento. Se organizaron los 34 estudios seleccionados y se los analizó utilizando Microsoft Excel®. Resultados Existen internacionalmente comités, nacional, regional, estatal y actividades escénicas locales para calificar los sistemas de información de salud materna e infantil y de los alimentos. Conclusión Los comités de prevención de la mortalidad infantil y fetal se desarrollan las actividades de recolección, producción, análisis y difusión de información relacionada con la muerte, a fin de reducir las tasas de mortalidad infantil y fetal.

ABSTRACT Objective To systematize knowledge on the activities developed by the committees involved in the prevention of infant and fetal deaths. Method Integrated literature review conducted in November 2015 at PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, BDEnf and SciELO databases using keywords and descriptors of infant mortality, infant death, infant deaths, fetal death, fetal deaths, fetal mortality, neonatal mortality, professional committee, committee, committees, advisory committees. The 34 selected studies were organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel®. Results International, national, regional, state and local committees analyze the deaths and conduct activities aimed to qualify maternal and childcare and feed the health information systems. Conclusion The committees for the prevention of infant and fetal mortality collect, produce, analyze and disseminate information related to these deaths in order to reduce infant and fetal mortality rates.

Vigilância do óbito fetal e infantil na região ampliada de saúde Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais / The investigation of fetal and infant deaths in the extended Jequitinhonha Health Region

Serviços de saúde acessíveis e de boa qualidade deveriam ser capazes de reconhecer as mortes infantis evitáveis e implementar medidas para reduzi-las. Investigações a fim de dimensionar os principais determinantes relacionados à ocorrência de óbitos infantis para que possam subsidiar a organização e planejamento das políticas públicas, se faz necessário. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os fatores relacionados à investigação dos óbitos infantil e fetal ocorridos na Região Ampliada de Saúde Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, no período de 2007 a 2012. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de questionários com os Secretários de Saúde e membros do Comitê de Prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal ou indivíduos responsáveis pela investigação dos óbitos em 33 municípios da Região Ampliada de Saúde do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Foram coletadas também informações sobre a completitude das fichas síntese da investigação após acesso ao Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que não houve concordância entre as respostas apresentadas pelos entrevistados, mostrando a necessidade, principalmente pelos Secretários Municipais de Saúde, de maiores esclarecimentos quanto à realidade nos municípios de atuação. A não atuação dos comitês na maioria dos municípios, justificado pela falta de cobrança pela gestão estadual e regional. Sendo assim, majoritariamente as investigações foram realizadas pelos enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família, não pertencente ao comitê. Vários foram os entraves identificados na prática da investigação, tais como a falta de suporte financeiro, de recursos humanos, entre outros da superintendência regional de saúde, o preenchimento incompleto dos dados...

Whereas the affordable and good quality health services should be able to recognize preventable child deaths and implement measures to reduce them, conducting investigations that can scale the main determinants of the occurrence of infant deaths so that can support the organization and planning of public policies, this study aims to analyze the factors related to the investigation of fetal and infant deaths in the Extended Jequitinhonha Health Region, Minas Gerais, during the period of 2007 to 2012. The data collection was done through the use of questionnaires containing demographic, and socioeconomic data, as well as data obtained from the investigation of fetal and infant deaths, responded by the Municipal Health Offices, members of the child and fetal death Prevention Committee or individuals responsible for the investigations in 33 municipalities of the Extended Jequitinhonha Health Region. In addition, we used a script called Research Summary Sheets to examine the completeness of the information of infant and fetal deaths investigated between 2007-2012. The results of this study indicate that there was no agreement between the answers given by respondents, showing the need for further clarification, mainly by the Municipal Health Offices, as to the reality of the performance of municipalities regarding the investigations. Moreover, the fact that the activities of the Prevention Committee of Child and Fetal Death in the municipalities are not official favored no investigation of deaths. Also it was observed that, of 598 children and 477 fetal deaths, only 22.2% and 18.4%, respectively, were investigated. However, the investigations have not been implemented satisfactorily. We observed different behavior in the completion of the research forms. The high proportion of incomplete records point to the existence of obstacles in the process of filling them out. Thus, after the data analysis it was found that there are several factors that...

Frecuencia del síndrome de plaquetas pegajosas en pacientes con pérdidas fetales recurrentes / Frequency of sticky platelet syndrome in patients with recurrent fetal loss

El síndrome de las plaquetas pegajosas es un trastorno plaquetario autosómico dominante considerado como una de las causas más frecuentes de eventos trombóticos. Se cree que el defecto específico puede estar localizado en los receptores de la superficie plaquetaria y está caracterizado por un incremento anormal en la agregabilidad de las plaquetas con difosfato de adenosina, epinefrina, o ambos. En estudios realizados acerca de esta entidad se ha descrito una elevada incidencia, pero esta se ha calculado en pacientes que han tenido episodios trombóticos previos (enfermedad tromboembólica, infarto agudo del miocardio y accidente cerebrovascular), antecedentes familiares o tienen factores de riesgo para este tipo de eventos, mientras que su incidencia en una población de mujeres en edad fértil, con dos o más pérdidas de embarazo y sin antecedentes es desconocida. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron un total de 126 pacientes femeninas con al menos dos pérdidas de embarazo; de ellas, 27 resultaron positivas al estudio de hipersensibilidad plaquetaria con difosfato de adenosina y epinefrina mediante pruebas de agregometría, lo que representa el 21 por ciento de positividad en la población estudiada. Es significativo que la clase de síndrome de plaqueta pegajosa predominante fue de tipo II (hipersensibilidad con epinefrina). Finalmente, destacar que el seguimiento y tratamiento oportuno durante la gestación en las pacientes incluidas en el estudio ha permitido el nacimiento de 4 niños saludables de madres con síndrome de plaquetas pegajosas...

The sticky platelet syndrome is an autosomal dominant platelet disorder considered one of the most frequent causes of thrombotic events. It is supposed that the specific fault can be localized to the platelet surface receptor and is characterized by an abnormal increase in aggregability adenosine diphosphate and/or epinephrine. In studies on this entity a high incidence has been described, but this was calculated in patients who have had previous thrombotic events (thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarction and stroke), family history or risk factors for this kind of events, while its incidence in a population of women of childbearing age with two or more pregnancy losses and no previous history is unknown.During our research a total of 126 female patients with at least two miscarriages were studied; 27 of them showed platelet hypersensitivity to adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine by testing aggregometry, which represents 21 percent positivity in the population studied. It is significant that the sticky platelet syndrome was predominantly of type II (hypersensitivity with epinephrine). In conclusion, we consider important to remark that with the monitoring and opportune treatment during pregnancy, four of the patients included in our study gave birth four healthy children despite the sticky platelet syndrome...

Sífilis Congénita en el Instituto Materno Infantil-Hospital la Victoria, Bogotá / The congenital syphilis protocol used at the Instituto Materno Infantil-Hospital la Victoria, Bogotá

Objetivos Analizar la cohorte de gestantes con VDRL reactivo en el parto y sus neonatos para describir la adherencia al protocolo nacional de tratamiento paraprevenir sífilis congénita e identificar desenlaces clínicos adversos. Metodología Estudio descriptivo, en 73 gestantes y sus neonatos durante el año 2008 en el Instituto Materno Infantil-Hospital La Victoria. Resultados La infección se detectó durante la gestación en 50 casos y en 23 en el parto, en 34 % hubo reinfección; 29 % eran drogadictas, 19 % indigentes y 23 % tenía antecedente de sífilis, 7 casos se consideraron éxito en tratamiento in útero. La frecuencia de sífilis congénita fue de 1 caso por 46 nacimientos, hubo 8 muertes fetales (12 %) y 58 casos de sífilis congénita en neonatos vivos: 27 sintomáticos y 31 asintomáticos; 7 tuvieron neurosífilis, 17 retardo del crecimiento, 6 prematurez. Asistencia a control prenatal, detección de la infección en la gestación y administración de algún tratamiento, se asociaron con menor mortalidad, menor número de neonatos sintomáticos y menor número de neonatos con retardo del crecimiento. Las gestantes con drogadicción mostraron ausencia de control prenatal y mayor número de neonatos sintomáticos, con retardo del crecimiento y prematuros. Conclusiones Es necesario fomentar: en la gestante la asistencia al control prenatal, en el personal de salud la búsqueda de la infección, la verificación del tratamiento en la pareja y la capacitación en la atención materna y neonatal de la entidad.(AU)

Objectives Examining a cohort of women having a reactive venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test on delivery (and their newborn) to describe adherence to the Colombian treatment regime to prevent congenital syphilis and identify adverse clinical outcomes. Methodology A descriptive study of 73 pregnant women and their new born was carried out at the Instituto Materno Infantil-Hospital La Victoria during 2008. Results Syphilis was detected in 50 women during their pregnancy and 23 when giving birth; 34 % became re-infected. 29 % were drug addicts, 19 % indigent and 23% had a history of syphilis. 7 cases were considered successful regarding antenatal treatment. Congenital syphilis frequency at the institution was 1 case per 46 births; there were 8 fetal deaths (12 %) and 58 cases of congenital syphilis in the newborn (27 symptomatic and 31 asymptomatic). 7 newborn had neurosyphilis, 17 suffered growth restriction and 6 were premature. Attending antenatal care, detecting syphilis during pregnancy and providing some type of treatment were related to decreased mortality, fewer symptomatic newborn and fewer infants having IUGR. Pregnant female drug addicts did not attend or lacked prenatal care and had a greater number of symptomatic newborn, involving growth restriction and being premature. Conclusions It is recommended that pregnant women be encouraged to attend prenatal care and that health personnel should become involved in detecting the disease, verifying treatment in couples (i.e. including the sexual partner)and training in the institution's maternal and neonatal care programs.(AU)

Frequency of perinatal mortality at Bolan medical complex hospital Quetta

To determine the extent and feto maternal factors contributing to perinatal Mortality. A prospective review study. This study was Gynecological and Neonatal Intensive care units of BMCH, Quetta from January 2006 to December 2011 A prospective review of all still births from 24 weeks of pregnancy and on words and neonatal deaths within first seven days of life either in obstetric ward or neonatal nursery was done. The details of each mother and new born were recorded on standardized proforma. The perinatal mortality rate was 99/1000during last 6 years, 102/1000 in 2006, 97/1000 in 2011 Most common maternal cause for perinatal morality was hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 26%, then antepartum hemorrhage 23.8%, birth asphyxia 23%, Congenital anomaly contributed 5.3%, unexplained 7% of all. Perinatal mortality is a major health problem caused by poor maternal health, lack of antenatal visits, multiparity, prematurity and infections of both mother and new born. Antenatal care, birth spacing, proper referral and standardized management during labour and in nursery can reduce the perinatal mortality

Resultados obstétricos e perinatais subsequentes à morte intrauterina na primeira gravidez / Obstetric and perinatal outcomes after intrauterine death in the first pregnancy

Introdução: A história de um óbito fetal apresenta risco aumentado do mesmo evento nas gravidezes subsequentes, ainda que existam resultados conflitantes quanto à taxa de prematuridade e de recém-natos de baixo peso. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os resultados obstétricos e perinatais de pacientes secundíparas que apresentaram morte fetal na gravidez anterior. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo caso-controle, com seleção de casos incidentes e controles consecutivos, realizado no período de Março/1998 a Dezembro/2008, em que foram analisadas variáveis maternas e perinatais. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se médias, desvios padrões, teste T de Student e Mann-Whitney para variáveis numéricas, qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas e estimativa de risco pelo Odds Ratio com IC95%. Para todos os testes foi adotado nível de significância (alfa) de 5%. Resultados: De um total de 15.450 gestantes, foram selecionadas 58 gestantes (0,38%) secundíparas cuja primeira gestação tenha sido relacionada a óbito fetal. Os fatores de exposição identificados foram recém-nascidos com peso ≤2.500g [12(20,7%) vs. 4(2,3%); p<0,0001; OR 11,1], internação em ambiente de intensivismo neonatal [15(27,8%) vs. 22(13,0%); p<0,05; OR 2,4] e neomortalidade precoce [5(8,9%) vs. 2(1,2); p<0,01; OR 8,1], na gestação subsequente. Não foi observada associação com índices de Apgar <7 no 1º e 5º minutos, recorrência do óbito fetal e ocorrência de síndrome hipertensiva. Conclusão: Os fatores de exposição foram maior incidência de neonatos de baixo peso, de internação em ambiente de intensivismo neonatal e de neomortalidade precoce (AU)

Introduction: The history of a stillbirth increases the risk of the same event in subsequent pregnancies, although there are conflicting results regarding the rate of premature and newborn babies of low birth weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the obstetric and perinatal outcome of secundiparous women who presented fetal death in previous pregnancy. Methods: This is a case-control study, with selection of incident cases and consecutive controls conducted from Mar 1998 to Dec 2008, in which maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. For the statistical analysis we used means, standard deviations, Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test for numeric variables, chi-square test for categorical variables, and odds ratios with 95% CI for risk estimate. The level of significance (alpha) was 5% for all tests. Results: From a total of 15,450 pregnant women, we selected 58 secundiparous women (0.38%) whose first pregnancy was associated with fetal death. The exposure factors found were infants weighing ≤ 2,500 g [12 (20.7%) vs. 4 (2.3%), p <0.0001, OR 11.1], admission to neonatal intensive care environment [15 (27.8%) vs. 22 (13.0%), p <0.05, OR 2.4] and early neonatal mortality [5 (8.9%) vs. 2 (1.2), p <0.01, OR 8.1] in the subsequent pregnancy. No association was observed with Apgar scores <7 at 1 and 5 minutes, recurrent fetal death and occurrence of hypertensive syndrome. Conclusion: The exposure factors were higher incidence of low birth weight newborns, admission to neonatal intensive care environment, and early neonatal mortality (AU)

Muerte fetal anteparto: ¿es una condición prevenible? / Fetal death syndrome: could it be prevented?

El síndrome de muerte fetal se define como la muerte del feto que se presenta después de la semana 20 de gestación, en ausencia de trabajo de parto instaurado. Constituye un tercio de toda la mortalidad fetal e infantil y más de 50% de todas las muertes perinatales en los países desarrollados. Las causas de muerte fetal raramente se reportan y la mayoría se desconoce. Se pretende con este artículo hacer una revisión que permita entender la fisiopatología de la entidad, evaluar los factores de riesgo y tratar de brindar a nuestras pacientes la posibilidad de un embarazo exitoso. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura existente de acuerdo con las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO, Ovid y Proquest, desde el año 2000 hasta 2008. A pesar de la disminución significativa de los óbitos fetales en las últimas décadas, sigue siendo un serio problema de salud pública, no sólo por ser una condición prevalente, sino por el subregistro y la ausencia de reportes confiables.

Fetal death syndrome is one third of all fetal and infant mortality by over 50% of all perinatal deaths in developed countries. The causes of fetal death are rarely reported and most of them are unknown. This article intends to review and to understand the pathophysiology of the entity, to assess risk factors and to try to give our patients the possibility of a successful pregnancy. A review the literature was made according to the PubMed database, EBSCO, Proquest and Ovid from 2000 to 2008. Despite the significant decrease in fetal deaths in the last decades, fetal death syndrome remains a serious public health problem not only because it is a prevalent condition, but by underreporting and the lack of reliable reporting.

Causas e evitabilidade dos óbitos perinatais investigados em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Causes and avoidability of perinatal deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Causas y evitabilidad de muertes perinatales investigadas en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

A investigação de óbitos é um recurso importante para elucidar as causas e as circunstâncias das mortes. Com este estudo, objetivou-se analisar os óbitos perinatais investigados de Belo Horizonte quanto à causas de morte, potencial de evitabilidade e presença de falhas ocorridas na assistência. Foram estudados os óbitos fetais e neonatais precoces investigados pelo Comitê de Prevenção de Óbitos BH-Vida de Belo Horizonte, no período de 2003 a 2007. As variáveis analisadas foram tipo e momento do óbito, peso ao nascer, idade gestacional, causa básica da morte e evitabilidade do óbito segundo a classificação de Wigglesworth. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e analítica. No período estudado, foram investigados 728 óbitos pelo Comitê, correspondendo a 26,9% do total de óbitos perinatais do município. Metade dos casos apresentou peso e idade gestacional adequados ao nascer. A quase totalidade das causas básicas de morte (97,%) foi relacionada a afecções perinatais. Quanto à evitabilidade, predominaram as mortes classificadas como anteparto e por asfixia. Em 84,5% dos casos foram constatadas falhas em algum momento da assistência, sendo decrescentes da atenção pré-natal ao recém-nascido. A investigação desses óbitos evidenciou alto potencial de evitabilidade e de falhas na assistência, contribuindo, assim, para o planejamento de ações preventivas.

The death investigation is an important resource to elucidate its causes and circumstances. This study aims at to analyze the causes, the potential avoidability and the occurrence of assistance errors in perinatal deaths registered in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. We analyzed fetal and early neonatal deaths that had been investigated by the Death Prevention Committee of Belo Horizonte between 2003 and 2007. Variables included type and moment of death, birth weight, gestational age, basic cause of death and death avoidability according to Wigglesworth's classification. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze data. In the mentioned period 728 deaths were investigated by the Committee, which corresponds to 26.9% of the total perinatal deaths registered in the city. Half of the cases had normal weight and normal gestational age at the moment of birth. Almost all basic causes of death (97%) were related to perinatal pathologies. According to Wigglesworth's classification, antepartum and asphyxia deaths were avoidable. Assistance errors were identified in 84.5% of the cases, most frequently during prenatal care and less frequently during birth care. The investigation of these deaths shows a potential avoidability and a high number of assistance errors, and contributes to the planning of preventive measures.

La investigación de óbitos constituye un recurso importante para elucidar las causas y circunstancias de los fallecimientos. Este estudio busca analizar las muertes perinatales investigadas en Belo Horizonte en cuanto a causa, potencial de evitabilidad y fallas durante la atención. Se consideraron los óbitos fetales y neonatales precoces investigados por el Comité de Prevención de Óbitos BH-Vida de Belo Horizonte entre 2003 y 2007. Las variables analizadas fueron tipo y momento de la muerte, peso al nacer, edad gestacional, causa básica de la muerte y evitabilidade de la muerte según la clasificación de Wigglesworth. Los datos se analizaron a través de estadísticas descriptivas y analíticas. Durante el mencionado período el Comité investigó 728 muertes, correspondientes a 26,9% del total de óbitos perinatales del distrito municipal. La mitad de los casos indicó peso y edad gestacional apropiados al nacer. Casi todas las causas básicas de muerte (97 %) estaban relacionadas con afecciones perinatales. En cuanto a la evitabilidad prevalecieron aquéllos óbitos clasificados como anteparto y por asfixia. En 84,5% de los casos se constataron fallas en algún momento de la asistencia, disminuyendo de la atención prenatal al recién nacido. La investigación de óbitos colocó en evidencia el alto potencial de evitabilidad y de fallas en la atención y contribuye, de este modo, a planificar acciones preventivas.

Frequency and indications of cesarean section in a tertiary care hospital

To determine the frequency of cesarean section and to analyze the indications, so as to introduce measures to control the cesarean section rate. This descriptive study was conducted in obstetric and gynecology department of Isra university hospital Hyderabad Sindh from 1st Jan 2007 to 31st Dce 2007.In this study clinical record of all the patients who underwent cesarean section was analyzed. It included all the pregnant ladies booked in the antenatal clinic and unbooked patients admitted in early labour for whom cesarean section was indicated later. It also included all those cases coming in emergency at any time for which cesarean section was indicated. Clinically diagnosed cases of ruptured uterus proved on laparotomy were not included in the study. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 11 and frequencies as wall as percentages were calculated. During one year study period, 380 cesarean section were performed. The rate of cesarean section was 64.7%. Emergency cesarean section was performed in 225 [59.2%] patients and elective cesarean section in 155 [40.7%]. Among 380 patients, 167 [43.9%] were booked while 213 [56.0%] were unbooked. Repeat cesarean section was the commonest indication seen in 73 [19.2%] patients followed by dystocia in 51 [13.4%] patients, fetal distress in 48 [12.6%] and ante partum hemorrhage in 45 [11.8%] patients. Miscellaneous indications contributed to 16 [4.2%] of the cases. Majority of patients who underwent cesarean section was unbooked and had an emergency cesarean section. The commonest indication was repeat cesarean section

Etiologies of intrauterine fetal death

Intrauterine fetal death accounts for more than half of perinatal mortalities. Detection of causes of fetal death can lead to prevention of such events in further pregnancies and produce useful information to other members of the family. To identify the causes of intrauterine fetal death and also detecting the contributing role of fetal, maternal and placental abnormalities in such conditions. This was a descriptive study carried out at Tehran Javaheri hospital over a 7-year period [1996-2003]. All cases of intrauterine fetal death in which the subjects were older than 20 weeks of gestation were studied. Data were collected using patients medical records. Following evaluation of objective variables, the data were analyzed by SPSS 11 and descriptive statistics. The highest percentage [42.5%] of IUFD causes were due to placental and fetal cord abnormalities followed by fetal [16%], maternal [14.5%] and unknown [27%] causes. Among known causes, congenital fetal anomalies were the highest. Abruption of placenta and diabetes in mothers were the most causes of IUFD associated with the placental and maternal causes, respectively. Regarding the high rate of unknown causes [27%] found in our study, detection of causes of fetal death through autopsy procedure, cytologic examination and parvovirus B19 evaluation is recommended. Mothers with past history of IUFD should be screened for antiphospholipid antibodies titer. Also a triple test including [alfa-fetoprotein, unconjugated striol and HCG] must be performed for all pregnant women during the 15[th] to 20[th] weeks of gestation to detect the presence of any congenital anomalies

Manual dos comitês de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal / Manual of committees of prevention of infantile and embryo death

Este manual, uma iniciativa da Área Temática de Saúde da Criança em Parceria com a Secretaria de Vigilância à Saúde, coloca-se como uma referência para a estruturação de Comitês no país (municipais, regionais e estaduais), fornece subsídios e orientações para o seu funcionamento e para a investigação dos óbitos, bem como disponibiliza modelos de formulários de investigação